By Shaykhul-Hadith, Hadrat Mawlana Muhammad Saleem Dhorat hafizahullah
Muḥarram is the first month of the Islamic calendar. Upon the commencement of a new year or month, the ṣaḥābah (ra) would learn (and recite) the following du‘ā:
اللَّهُمَّ أَدْخِلْهُ عَلَيْنَا بِالْأَمْنِ، وَالْإِيمَانِ، وَالسَّلَامَةِ، وَالْإِسْلَامِ، وَرِضْوَانٍ مِنَ الرَّحْمَنِ، وَجَوَازٍ مِنَ الشَّيْطَانِ
O Allāh! Bring it (i.e. this month) upon us with security,
Īmān, safety, Islām, the pleasure of the Most-Merciful
and protection from Shayṭān. (Aṭ-Ṭabarānī)
Virtues of Muḥarram
Muḥarram is one of the four sacred months mentioned in the Glorious Qur’ān,
Indeed! The number of months with Allāh is twelve
months by Allāh’s Ordinance on the day that He created
the heavens and the earth. From among them are four
sacred (months); that is the right religion.
The specification of these four sacred months is found in a Ḥadīth of our Beloved Nabī ﷺ. Sayyidunā Abū Bakrah (ra) reports that Rasūlullāh ﷺ said,
Verily time has completed its cycle and returned to its
original stage as it was on the day Allāh created the
heavens and the earth. The year consists of twelve
months, four of which are sacred. Three of them occur
consecutively; Dhul-Qa’dah, Dhul-Ḥijjah and Muḥarram,
(the fourth being) Rajab of Muḍar (named after the tribe
of Muḍar as they used to respect this month more than
the rest of the Arabs) which occurs between JumādalĀkhir
and Sha’bān. (Al-Bukhārī)
From out of the four sacred months, Muḥarram has been blessed with certain specific virtues. Rasūlullāh ﷺ said,
The most virtuous of fasts besides the month of Ramaḍān
are (the fasts of) Allāh’s Month of Muḥarram, and the
best of ṣalāh besides the farḍ (compulsory) ṣalāh is the
night ṣalāh (i.e. tahajjud). (Muslim)
The Day of ‘Āshūrā (10th Muharram)
The tenth day of the month of Muḥarram is known as ‘Āshūrā. It is one of the most important and blessed days in the Islamic calendar. Some ‘Ulamā are of the opinion that before the fasts of Ramaḍān, the fast of the day of ‘Āshūrā was compulsory upon the Ummah. This is stated in a Ḥadīth reported by Sayyidah ‘Ā’ishah (ra) that Nabī ﷺ ordered the observance of the fast of ‘Āshūrā. However, when the fast of Ramaḍān became compulsory, then whoever wished, fasted and whoever desired (not to fast), did not fast. (Al-Bukhārī)
But Rasūlullāh ﷺ, nevertheless, continued to fast this day and encouraged his companions to do the same. Sayyidunā Ibn ‘Abbās (ra) says,
I did not see Rasūlullāh ﷺ eagerly await the fast of
any day, which he gave preference to over other days
except this day, the day of ‘Āshūrā, and this month i.e.
the month of Ramaḍān. (Al-Bukhārī)
Sayyidunā Ḥumayd ibn ‘Abdur-Raḥmān (ra) narrates that he heard Sayyidunā Mu‘āwiyah ibn Abī Sufyān (ra) on the day of ‘Āshūrā, during the year he performed ḥajj, saying on the pulpit,
O people of Madīnah! Where are your ‘Ulamā? I heard
Rasūlullāh ﷺ saying, “This is the day of ‘Āshūrā. Allāh
has not made its fasting compulsory upon you, but I am
fasting it. Whosoever wishes, may fast and whosoever
desires (not to fast), may leave it.” (Al-Bukhārī)
In another Ḥadīth, Sayyidunā Ibn ‘Abbās (ra) narrates that Nabī ﷺ came to Madīnah and found the Jewish people fasting on the day of ‘Āshūrā. Nabī ﷺ asked them, ‘What is (the significance of) this day on which you fast?’ They replied, ‘This is a great day. On this day Allāh (swt) saved Sayyidunā Mūsā (a.s) and his people and drowned Fir‘awn and his nation. Thus, Sayyidunā Mūsā (a.s) fasted on this day as a token of
thanksgiving, therefore we too fast on this day.’ Rasūlullāh ﷺ said,
‘We are more worthy of Mūsā (a.s) and closer to him than
you.’ Thereafter, Nabī ﷺ fasted on this day and ordered (his sahaba (ra)) to fast on this day. (Muslim)
Recommended Deeds
One should fast as much as possible during the month of Muharram and especially on the day of ‘Ashūrā, as Sayyidunā Abū Qatādah (ra) narrates that Nabī ﷺ was asked regarding the fast of the day of ‘Āshūrā. Nabī ﷺ replied, It is a compensation for the (minor) sins of the past year.’ (Muslim)
NOTE: It must be borne in mind that wherever a promise of forgiveness of sins is made upon the fulfilment of some action, it is only the minor sins that are forgiven. The major sins are not forgiven without true tawbah (repentance). In another narration, Sayyidunā Abū Qatādah (ra) reports that a man asked Nabī ﷺ regarding the fast of the day of
‘Ashūrā. Nabī ﷺ replied, ‘It is (equivalent to) fasting a (whole) year. (Ṣaḥīḥ Ibn Ḥibbān)
One should also observe the fast of the 9th or 11th Muḥarram. Sayyidunā Ibn ‘Abbās (ra) said, ‘When Rasūlullāh ﷺ observed the fast of the day of ‘Āshūrā and ordered (his Ṣaḥābah (ra) ) to also fast, they said,
O Rasūlullāh (ﷺ)! It is a day revered by the Jewish
people and the Christians.’ Rasūlullāh (ﷺ) said, ‘The
coming year, if Allāh wills, we will fast on the ninth
(also). (Muslim)
In another narration Nabī ﷺ said,
Should I live until the coming year, I will definitely
fast on the ninth (also). (Muslim)
In another narration, Nabī ﷺ has been reported to have encouraged his Companions (ra) to fast on either the 9th or 11th Muḥarram (with the day of ‘Āshūrā). He s said,
…Fast a day before it or a day after. (Al-Bayhaqī)
‘Allāmah Ibn ‘Ābidīn Ash-Shāmī (ra) has mentioned that to fast only on the day of ‘Āshūrā is makrūh tanzīhī.
One should be generous to one’s family and dependents and spend on them more than usual. Sayyidunā Abū Hurayrah (ra) reports that Rasūlullāh ﷺ said,
One who generously spends on his dependants and
his family on the day of ‘Āshūrā, Allāh will grant
him abundant (sustenance) for the rest of that year.
(Al-Bayhaqī, At-Targhīb wat-Tarhīb)
There has been a difference of opinion regarding the authenticity of this Ḥadīth. However, Muḥaddithīn like Imām Bayhaqī, Ibn Hibbān v, Ḥāfiẓ ‘Irāqī and Ḥāfiẓ
Ibn Ḥajar have accepted it as reliable and it is also supported by the practice of senior Muḥaddithīn. The great Muḥaddith, Sufyān Ibn ‘Uyaynah (ra) said, ‘We have tried this for fifty or sixty years and have only seen goodness (from it)’.
The above two actions; fasting and spending generously on one’s family, are the only actions of Muḥarram substantiated from the Aḥādīth.
Acts to Refrain From
It is absolutely clear that the significance of the day of ‘Āshūrā is from the time of Nabī ﷺ. However, many people attribute its significance to the martyrdom of
Sayyidunā Ḥusayn (ra) and regard it as a day of mourning. The martyrdom of Sayyidunā Ḥusayn (ra) was indeed a great tragedy, but Islām is not a religion of mourning.
The pages of Islamic History are filled with the blood of the martyrs. Should we begin to mourn the martyrdom of the Ṣaḥābah (ra) alone, every other day would be a
day of mourning. Thus, to attribute the significance of ‘Āshūrā to the martyrdom of Sayyidunā Ḥusayn (as) is baseless. Therefore, the baseless customs of mourning
and displaying grief upon the martyrdom of Sayyidunā Ḥusayn (ra) must be discarded. If mourning was permissible, then the day of the demise of Rasūlullāh ﷺ
would have been more worthy of mourning.
The following misconceptions with regard to ‘Āshūrā are baseless:
• This is the day in which Sayyidunā Ādam (a.s) was created.
• This is the day in which Sayyidunā Ibrāhīm (a.s) was born.
• This is the day on which Qiyāmah will take place.
• Whoever has a bath on the day of ‘Āshūrā will never get ill.
Another misconception is that the month of Muḥarram is an unlucky month; as a result, some people believe that marriage ceremonies should be avoided in this
month. This concept is again contrary to the teachings of Rasūlullāh ﷺ .
Some regard the tenth of Muḥarram as a day of ‘Īd. They indulge in adornment, applying surmah (collyrium), wearing new clothes, spending lavishly and cooking a
particular type of meal which is not generally prepared. All these actions are regarded as sunnah according to their belief, whereas no authentic narration can be
found sanctioning and permitting such actions.
Let us observe this great day according to the way of Rasūlullāh ﷺ and the Ṣaḥābah (ra) and refrain from all innovations which deprive us of blessings from Allāh (swt).
May Allāh (swt) guide us all upon the Straight Path and save us from every act which brings His Displeasure. Āmīn.
Important Events which Took Place in Muḥarram:
1st Muḥarram: Martyrdom of Sayyidunā ‘Umar (ra). 10th Muḥarram: Sayyidunā Mūsā (a.s) and his followers were saved from Fir‘awn and his army; Sayyiduna Nūḥ (a.s)
was saved from the flood; and Sayyidunā Ḥusayn (ra) was martyred.
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